NEW THYREOPHORAN REMAINS WITH STEGOSAURIAN AFFINITIES FROM THE LOWER CRETACEOUS OF ARGENTINA
Nuevos restos fósiles con afinidades estegosaurianas del Cretácico Inferior de Argentina
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5710/PEAPA.25.11.2025.551Keywords:
Stegosauria, Thyreophora, Patagonia, Argentina, Lower Cretaceous, Bajada Colorada FormationAbstract
South American Mesozoic vertebrate fossils are key in contrasting the classic North American and European views of clades evolution. During the last decades, several relevant findings of stegosaurian remains from Argentina show a greater diversity than previously thought. These include the early stegosaur Isaberrysaura from Los Molles Formation (Middle Jurassic) and indeterminate stegosaurian remains from the Cañadón Calcáreo (Upper Jurassic) and the La Amarga (Lower Cretaceous) formations, all from the Argentinian Patagonia. In addition to these scarce records, new remains from the Berriasian–Valanginian Bajada Colorada Formation of Neuquén Province (Argentina) are presented here. These consist of sacral vertebrae, dorsal ribs and several osteoderm types, including stegosaurian-like spines. The shape analysis of the sacral vertebrae, anatomic features (e.g., sacral vertebrae and ribs dorsoventrally compressed, and dorsal ribs with T-shaped proximal transversal section), and the morphologic disparity of the osteoderms, support an assignation to Thyreophora with affinities to Stegosauria. The finding of these remains in Bajada Colorada reinforces the presence of stegosaurs in Argentinian Patagonia during the Lower Cretaceous. Our explorations and research in Bajada Colorada also support that the historical absence of stegosaurian remains in Southern continents was an effect of searching and/or preservational biases, as other authors proposed. These new stegosaurian remains also support the presence of a transitional fauna in Bajada Colorada including both Jurassic and Cretaceous components.
References
Allain, R. (2005). The postcranial anatomy of the megalosaur Dubreuillosaurus valesdunensis (Dinosauria Theropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Normandy, France. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 25(4), 850–858.
Apesteguia, S. (2002). Successional structure in continental tetrapod faunas from Argentina along the Cretaceous. Boletim do 6 Simposio sobre o Cretaceo do Brasil / 2 Simposio sobre el Cretacico de America del Sur (pp. 135–141). UNESP-IGCE-DGA, São Pedro, Brasil. ISSN 1516–8239.
Apesteguía, S., Gallina, P. A., Canale, J. I., Riguetti, F. and Garderes, J. P. (2015). Nuevos restos de Stegosauria (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) del Cretácico Inferior temprano de Neuquén: el registro más antiguo de Sudamérica. Ameghiniana, 52(4), 5.
Aranciaga Rolando, M., Cerroni, M. A., Marsà, J. A. G., Motta, M. J., Rozadilla, S., Eglí, F. B. and Novas, F. E. (2021). A new medium-sized abelisaurid (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the late cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Allen Formation of Northern Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 105, 102915.
Arbour, V. M. and Currie, P. J. (2013). Euoplocephalus tutus and the diversity of ankylosaurid dinosaurs in the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada, and Montana, USA. PLoS ONE, 8, e62421. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062421
Baiano, M. (2021). Osteología y relaciones filogenéticas de Aucasaurus Garridoi Coria, Chiappe y Dingus, 2002 (Dinosauria, Theropoda, Abelisauridae). Implicancias sistemáticas y paleobiogeográficas en la evolución de los Abelisáuridos. [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén.
Bakker, R. T. (1998). Dinosaur mid-life crisis: the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition in Wyoming and Colorado: in Lucas, SG, Kirkland, JI, and Estep, JW, eds. Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems. Albuquerque, New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 14, 66–77.
Bandyopadhyay, S., Gillette, D. D., Ray, S. and Sengupta, D. P. (2010). Osteology of Barapasaurus tagorei (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the early Jurassic of India. Palaeontology, 53(3), 533–569.
Behrensmeyer, A. K. (2007). Bonebeds through time. Bonebeds: Genesis, analysis, and paleobiological significance (pp. 65–101).
Bellardini, F., Coria, R. A., Pino, D. A., Windholz, G. J., Baiano, M. A. and Martinelli, A. G. (2022). Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Ligabuesaurus leanzai (Dinosauria: sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of the Neuquén Basin, Patagonia, Argentina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 196(4), 1333–1393.
Bertozzo, F., Dalla Vecchia, F. M. and Fabbri, M. (2017). The Venice specimen of Ouranosaurus nigeriensis (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda). PeerJ, 5, e3403.
Blows, W. T. (2001a). Dermal armor of the polacanthine dinosaurs. The armored dinosaurs (pp. 363–385).
Blows, W. T. (2001b). Possible stegosaur dermal armor from the Lower Cretaceous of southern England. En K. Carpenter (Ed.), The Armored Dinosaurs, (pp. 130–140). Indiana University Press.
Blows, W. T. (2015). British polacanthid dinosaurs – observations on the history and palaeontology of the UK polacanthid armoured dinosaurs and their relatives. Siri Scientific Press, Manchester, 220 pp.
Bonaparte, J. (1986). History of the terrestrial Cretaceous vertebrates. Actas del IV Congreso Argentino de Paleontologıa y Bioestratigrafıa, 4, (pp. 63–95). Mendoza.
Bonaparte, J., Novas F. E. and Coria R. A. (1990). Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the middle Cretaceous of Patagonia. Contr Sci, Nat Hist Mus Los Angeles Cty, 416,1–42.
Breeden, B. T., Raven, T. J., Butler, R. J., Rowe, T. B. and Maidment, S. C. R. (2021). The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona. R. Soc. Op. Sci., 8, 201676. doi: 10.1098/rsos.201676.
Brett, C. E. and Baird, G. C. (1986). Comparative taphonomy: a key to paleoenvironmental interpretation based on fossil preservation. Palaios, 207–227.
Brochu, C. A. (2003). Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: Insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographical analysis of the skull. J. Vert. Paleontol., 22(4), 1–138. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2003.10010947.
Burns, M. E. and Currie, P. J. (2014). External and internal structure of ankylosaur (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) osteoderms and their systematic relevance. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 34(4), 835–851. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.840309.
Burns, M. E. (2015). Intraspecific variation in the armoured dinosaurs (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria) [Unpublished PhD thesis]. University of Alberta, Edmonton.
Butler, R. J., Liyong, J., Jun, C. and Godefroit, P. (2011). The postcranial osteology and phylogenetic position of the small ornithischian dinosaur Changchunsaurus parvus from the Quantou Formation (Cretaceous: Aptian–Cenomanian) of Jilin Province, north‐eastern China. Palaeontology, 54(3), 667–683.
Campione, N. E. (2015). Postcranial anatomy of Edmontosaurus regalis (Hadrosauridae) from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada. In D. A. Eberth and D. C. Evans (Eds.), Hadrosaurs (pp. 208–244.). Indiana University Press.
Canale, J. I., Apesteguía, S., Gallina, P. A., Gianechini, F. A. and Haluza, A. (2017). The oldest theropods from the Neuquén Basin: Predatory dinosaur diversity from the Bajada Colorada Formation (Lower Cretaceous: Berriasian–Valanginian), Neuquén, Argentina. Cretaceous Research, 71, 63–78.
Canale, J. I., Gallina, P., Apesteguía, S., Riguetti, F., Garderes, J. P. and Haluza, A. (2019). La Formación Bajada Colorada y sus aportes al conocimiento de los vertebrados fósiles del Cretácico temprano de Gondwana (Bajada Colorada Formation and its contributions to the knowledge of fossil vertebrates from the early Cretaceous of Gondwana). II Jornadas de Paleovertebrados de la Cuenca Neuquina, Neuquén, Argentina. Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, 20(2R), R7.
Canale, J. I., Gallina, P. A., Apesteguia, S., Cerroni, M.A., Baiano, M. A., Garderes, J. P., Riguetti, F. and Lerzo, L. (2021). Nuevos materiales de terópodos de Bajada Colorada (Cretácico Inferior: Berriasiano–Valanginiano), Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina. Jornadas de Paleovertebrados de la Cuenca Neuquina, 22(R1), R249.
Carballido, J. L. and Sander, P. M. (2014). Postcranial axial skeleton of Europasaurus holgeri (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Germany: implications for sauropod ontogeny and phylogenetic relationships of basal Macronaria. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 12(3), 335–387.
Carpenter, K., Dilkes D. and Weishampel, D. B. (1995). The dinosaurs of the Niobrara Chalk Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Kansas). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15, 275–297. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011230.
Carpenter, K. and Kirkland, J. I. (1998). Review of Lower and middle Cretaceous ankylosaurs from North America. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 14, 249–270.
Carpenter, K., Kirkland, J. I., Burge, D. and Bird, J. (2001). Disarticulated skull of a new primitive ankylosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of eastern Utah. In K. Carpenter (Ed.), The Armored Dinosaurs (pp. 211–238). Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana.
Carpenter, K. (2004). Redescription of Ankylosaurus magniventris Brown 1908 (Ankylosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior of North America. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 41, 961–986. doi:10.1139/e04-043
Carpenter, K., and Wilson, Y. (2008). A new species of Camptosaurus (Ornithopoda: Dinosauria) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, and a biomechanical analysis of its forelimb. Annals of Carnegie Museum, 76(4), 227–263.
Carpenter, K., Bartlett, J., Bird, J. and Barrick, R. (2008). Ankylosaurs from the Price River Quarries, Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous), east-central Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 28(4), 1089–1101. doi:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1089.
Carpenter, K., DiCroce, T., Kinneer, B. and Simon, R. (2013). Pelvis of Gargoyleosaurus (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria) and the origin and evolution of the ankylosaur pelvis. PLoS ONE, 8(11), e79887. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079887
Cerda, I. A., and Chinsamy, A. (2012). Biological implications of the bone microstructure of the Late Cretaceous ornithopod dinosaur Gasparinisaura cincosaltensis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 32(2), 355–368.
Chen, R., Zheng, W., Azuma, Y., Shibata, M., Lou, T., Jin, Q. and Jin, X. (2013). A new nodosaurid ankylosaur from the Chaochuan Formation of Dongyang, Zhejiang Province, China. Acta Geologica Sinica, 87, 801840. doi: 10.1111/1755-6724.12077
Chiarenza, A. A., Fabbri, M., Consorti, L., Muscioni, M., Evans, D. C., Cantalapiedra, J. L., and Fanti, F. (2022). An Italian dinosaur Lagerstätte reveals the tempo and mode of hadrosauriform body size evolution. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1–15.
Cobos, A., Royo-Torres, R., Luque, L., Alcalá, L., and Mampel, L. (2010). An Iberian stegosaurs paradise: The Villar del Arzobispo Formation (Tithonian–Berriasian) in Teruel (Spain). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 293(1-2), 223–236.
Coombs, W. P. (1971). The Ankylosauria [Unpublished PhD thesis]. Columbia University.
Coria, R. A., Filippi, L. S., Chiappe, L., García, R. A. and Arcucci, A. B. (2013). Overosaurus paradasorum gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauria: Lithostrotia) from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa, 3683(4), 357–376. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.2
Costa, F. and Mateus, O. (2019). Dacentrurine stegosaurs (Dinosauria): A new specimen of Miragaia longicollum from the Late Jurassic of Portugal resolves taxonomical validity and shows the occurrence of the clade in North America. PloS One, 14(11), e0224263.
Cruzado-Caballero, P., Gasca, J. M., Filippi, L. S., Cerda, I. A. and Garrido, A. C. (2019). A new ornithopod dinosaur from the Santonian of Northern Patagonia (Rincón de los Sauces, Argentina). Cretaceous Research, 98, 211–229.
de Buffrenil, V., Farlow, J. O. and de Ricqlès, A. (1986). Growth and function of Stegosaurus plates: evidence from bone histology. Paleobiology, 12(4), 459–473.
de Valais, S., Apesteguıa, S. and Udrizar Sauthier, D. (2003). Nuevas evidencias de dinosaurios de la Formación Puerto Yerua (Cretacico), Provincia de Entre Rıos, Argentina. Ameghiniana, 40(3), 507–511. https://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/991
Dodson, P., Krause, D. W., Forster, C. A., Sampson, S. D. and Ravoavy, F. (1998). Titanosaurid (Sauropoda) osteoderms from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18(3), 563–568.
Dong, Z., Li, X. and Zhou, S. (1977). On the stegosaurian remain from Zigong (Tzekung), Szechuan Province. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 15(4), 312.
Dong, Z., Tang, Z. and Zhou, S. W. (1982). Note on the new mid-Jurassic stegosaur from Sichuan Basin, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 20(1), 83–87.
Dong, Z., Zhou, S. and Zang, Y. (1983). The dinosaurian remains from Sichuan basin, China. Palaeontologia Sinica, new series C, 23, 1–145.
Dong, Z. M. (1990). Stegosaurs of Asia. In K. Carpenter and P. Currie (Eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and perspectives (pp. 255–268). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Filippini, F. S., Otero, A. and Gasparini, Z. (2017). The phylogenetic relevance of the sacrum among macronarian sauropods: insights from a pelvis from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 41(1), 69–78.
Forster, C. A. (1990). The postcranial skeleton of the ornithopod dinosaur Tenontosaurus tilletti. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 10(3), 273–294.
Foster, J. (2020). Jurassic West: the dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and their world. Indiana University Press.
Foucault, J. E., Vaillard, L. C. and Viñez, R. F. (1987). Estratigrafía de las unidades aflorantes a lo largo del curso inferior del río Limay, Provincia de Neuquén y Río Negro, República Argentina. X Congreso Geológico Argentino (pp. 139–142), Tucumán.
Ford, T. L. (2000). A review of ankylosaur osteoderms from New Mexico and a preliminary review of ankylosaur armor. New Mexico Museum Natural History Sciences Bulletin, 17, 157–176.
Francischini, H., Sales, M. A. F., DentzieneDias, P. and Schultz, C. L. (2018). The Presence of Ankylosaur Tracks in the Guara Formation (Brazil) and Remarks on the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Late Jurassic Dinosaurs. Ichnos, 25(2e3), 177–191. doi: 10.1080/10420940.2017.1337573.
Gallina, P. A., Apesteguia, S., Haluza, A. and Canale, J. I. (2014). A diplodocid sauropod survivor from the Early Cretaceous of South America. PLoS One, 9(5), e97128.
Gallina, P. A., Apesteguía, S., Canale, J. I. and Haluza, A. (2019). A new long-spined dinosaur from Patagonia sheds light on sauropod defense system. Scientific reports, 9(1), 1392.
Gallina, P. A., Canale, J. I., Apesteguia, S., Carballido, J. L., Garderes, J. P. and Riguetti, F. (2021a). A new tetrapod assemblage for the earliest Cretaceous of the Neuquina Basin. Jornadas Argentinas de Paleontología de Vertebrados, 2021, 21(R2), R20. Mendoza.
Gallina, P. A., Canale, J. I. and Carballido, J. L. (2021b). The earliest known titanosaur sauropod dinosaur. Ameghiniana, 58(1), 35–51.
Galton, P. M. (1981). Dryosaurus, a hypsilophodontid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of North America and Africa postcranial skeleton. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 55(3-4), 271–312.
Galton, P. M. and Coombs Jr, W. P. (1981). Paranthodon africanus (Broom) a stegosaurian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of South Africa. Geobios, 14(3), 299–309.
Galton, P. M. (1982). The postcranial anatomy of stegosaurian dinosaur Kentrosaurus from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania, East Africa. Geologica et Paleontologica, 15, 139–160.
Galton, P. M. (1985). British plated dinosaurs (Ornithischia, Stegosauridae). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 5(3), 211–254.
Galton, P. M. (1988). Skull bones and endocranial casts of stegosaurian dinosaur Kentrosaurus Hennig, 1915 from Upper Jurassic of Tanzania, East Africa. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 22, 123–143.
Galton, P. M. (1991). Postcranial remains of stegosaurian dinosaur Dacentrurus from Upper Jurassic of France and Portugal. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 25, 299–327.
Galton, P. M. and Upchurch, P. (2004). Stegosauria. In D. B. Weishampel et al. (Eds.), The Dinosauria (pp. 343–362). Second edition. University of California Press.
Galton, P. M. (2012). Stegosaurs. In: M. K. Brett-Surman, T. R. Holtz and J. Farlow (Eds.), The Complete Dinosaur (pp. 482–504). Second edition. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
Galton, P. M. (2016). Notes on plated dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Stegosauria), mostly on dermal armor from Middle and Upper Jurassic of England (also France, Iberia), with a revised diagnosis for Loricatosaurus priscus (Callovian, England). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen, 1–25.
Galton, P. M. and Carpenter, K. (2016). The plated dinosaur Stegosaurus longispinus Gilmore, 1914 (Dinosauria: Ornithischia; Upper Jurassic, western USA), type species of Alcovasaurus n. gen. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 279(2), 185–208.
Galton, P. M. (2019). Earliest record of an ankylosaurian dinosaur (Ornithischia: Thyreophora): dermal armor from the lower Kota Formation (Lower Jurassic) of India. Neues Jarbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen, 291, 205–219. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2019/0800
Garderes, J. P. (2023). Anatomía y biomecánica craniodental de los Dicraeosauridae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) y sus implicancias en el comportamiento alimentario de los diplodocoideos. [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires. doi: 10.35537/10915/167625.
Garderes, J. P., Gallina, P. A., Whitelock, J. A. and Toledo, N. (2023). Cranial osteology of Bajadasaurus pronuspinax (Sauropoda, Dicraeosauridae). Historical Biology, 36(10),1–25. doi:10.1080/08912963.2023.2212389.
Gasparini, Z., Olivero, E., Scasso, R. and Rinaldi, C. (1987). Un ankilosaurio (Reptilia, Ornithischia) campaniano en el continente antártico. 10 Congresso Brasileiro de Paleontologia, Anales, 131–141. Río de Janeiro.
Gasparini, Z., Sterli, J., Parras, A., O'Gorman, J. P., Salgado, L., Varela, J. and Pol, D. (2015). Late Cretaceous reptilian biota of the La Colonia Formation, central Patagonia, Argentina: occurrences, preservation and paleoenvironments. Cretaceous Research, 54, 154–168. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.11.010
Gianechini, F. A., Makovicky, P. J., Apesteguía, S., and Cerda, I. (2018). Postcranial skeletal anatomy of the holotype and referred specimens of Buitreraptor gonzalezorum Makovicky, Apesteguía and Agnolín 2005 (Theropoda, Dromaeosauridae), from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. PeerJ, 6, e4558.
Gilmore, C. W. (1914). Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus. United States National Museum Bulletin, 89, 1136.
Gilmore, C. W. (1920). Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United State National museum: with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus (No. 110). US Government printing office.
Gilmore, C. W. (1930). On dinosaurian reptiles from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 77, 139.
Godefroit, P., Dong, Z. M., De Potter, H., Lenglet, G., Smith, T. and Dermience, E. (1998). Sino-Belgian Cooperation Program Cretaceous dinosaurs and mammals from inner Mongolia. 1. New Bactrosaurus (Dinosauria: Hadrosauroidea) material from Iren Dabasu (inner Mongolia, PR China). Bulletin-Institut royal des sciences naturelles de Belgique. Sciences de la terre, 68, 3–70.
Han, F., Forster, C. A., Xu, X. and Clark, J. M. (2017). Postcranial anatomy of Yinlong downsi (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) from the Upper Jurassic Shishugou Formation of China and the phylogeny of basal ornithischians. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 16(14), 1159–1187.
Hao, B., Zhang, Q., Peng, G., Ye, Y. and You, H. (2018a). Redescription of Gigantspinosaurus sichuanensis (Dinosauria, Stegosauria) from the Late Jurassic of Sichuan, Southwestern China. Acta Geologica Sinica‐English Edition, 92(2), 431–441.
Hao, B., Peng, G., Qin, G., Ye, Y. and Jiang, S. (2018b). Evolution of Pelvic Girdles of Stegosaurus in the Sichuan Basin. 郝宝鞘, 彭光照, 秦钢, 叶勇, y 江山. 2018. 四川盆地剑龙类腰带演化. 四川地质学报, 38(1), 62–64.
Harris, J. D. (1998). A Reanalysis of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, its Phylogenetic Status, and Paleobiogeographic Implications, Based on a New Specimen from Texas: Bulletin 13. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, 13.
Hatcher, J. B. (1901). Diplodocus (Marsh): its osteology, taxonomy, and probable habits, with a restoration of the skeleton. Carnegie Museum, 1(1).
Hatcher, J. B. (1903). Osteology of Haplocanthosaurus, with description of a new species and remarks on the probable habits of the Sauropoda and the age and origin of the Atlantosaurus beds: additional remarks on Diplodocus. Carnegie Museum, 2(1).
Haubold, H. (1990). Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nördlichen Mitteleuropa. Rev. Paléobiol. 9, 149–177.
Hayashi, S., Carpenter, K., Watabe, M. and McWhinney, L. A. (2012). Ontogenetic histology of Stegosaurus plates and spikes. Palaeontology, 55(1), 145–161.
Hennig, E. (1915). Kentrosaurus aethiopicus, der Stegosauride des Tendaguru. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 219–247.
Hennig, E. (1925). Kentrurosaurus aethiopicus. Die Stegosaurier-Funde vom Tendaguru, Deutsch-Ostafrika. Palaeontographica, 2(7), 101–254.
Herrero Ducloux, A. (1946). Contribución al conocimiento geológico del Neuquén extraandino. Boletín de Informaciones Petroleras 23(226), 245–281. Buenos Aires.
Holtz, T. R., Jr. (2004). Tyrannosauroidea. En D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (Eds.), The Dinosauria (pp. 111–136). Second edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
Holwerda, F. M., Rauhut, O. W. and Pol, D. (2021). Osteological revision of the holotype of the Middle Jurassic sauropod dinosaur Patagosaurus fariasi Bonaparte, 1979 (Sauropoda: Cetiosauridae). Geodiversitas, 43(16), 575–643.
Janensch, W. (1929). Die wirbelsäule der gattung Dicraeosaurus. Palaeontographica - Supplementbände Band SVII Reihe/Abt 1, 35–133.
Janensch, W. (1950). Die wirbelsäule von Brachiosaurus brancai. Palaeontographica, Supplementbände, 27–93.
Jensen, J. A. (1988). A fourth new sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of the Colorado Plateau and sauropod bipedalism. The Great Basin Naturalist, 121–145.
Kilbourne, B. and Carpenter, K. (2005). Redescription of Gargoyleosaurus parkpinorum, a polacanthid ankylosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Albany County, Wyoming. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen, 237, 111–160. doi:10.1127/njgpa/235/2005/111
Kinneer, B., Carpenter, K. and Shaw, A. (2016). Redescription of Gastonia burgei (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria, Polacanthidae), and description of a new species. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen, 282, 37–80. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2016/0605
Kirkland, J. I., Alcala, L., Loewen, M. A., Espilez, E., Mampel, L. and Wiersma, J. P. (2013). The basal nodosaurid ankylosaur Europelta carbonensis n. gen., n. sp. from the Lower Cretaceous (Lower Albian) Escucha Formation of Northeastern Spain. PLoS One, 8(12), e80405. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080405Karl
Klingenberg, C. P. (2011). MorphoJ: an integrated software package for geometric morphometrics. Molecular ecology resources, 11(2), 353-357.
Lambe, L. M. (1920). The hadrosaur Edmontosaurus from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta. Memoirs of the Canada Department of Mines, Geological Survey, 120, 1–79.
Leahey, L. G., Molnar, R. E., Carpenter, K., Witmer, L. M. and Salisbury, S. W. (2015). Cranial osteology of the ankylosaurian dinosaur formerly known as Minmi sp. (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Lower Cretaceous Allaru Mudstone of Richmond, Queensland, Australia. PeerJ, 3, e1475. doi:10.7717/peerj.1475.
Leanza, H. A. (1981). The Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary beds in West Central Argentina and their ammonite zones. Neues Jahrb. Geol. Palaeontol. V., 161(1), pp. 62–92;
Leanza, H. A. and Hugo, C. A. (1997). Hoja Geológica 3969-III, Picún Leufú, provincias del Neuquén y Río Negro. Instituto de Geología y Recursos Naturales. SEGEMAR. Boletín 218, 1–135.
Leanza, H. A. and Hugo, C. A. (2001). Cretaceous red beds from southern Neuquén basin (Argentina): age, distribution and stratigraphic discontinuities. 7th International Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems. Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial 7, 117–122.
Leanza, H. A., Apesteguıa, S., Novas, F. E. and de la Fuente, M. S. (2004). Cretaceous terrestrial beds from the Neuquén Basin (Argentina) and their tetrapod assemblages. Cretaceous Research, 25(1), 61–87. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2003.10.005
Leanza, H. A., Sattler, F., Martinez, R. S., and Carbone, O. (2011). La Formación Vaca Muerta y Equivalentes (Jurásico Tardío–Cretácico Temprano) en la Cuenca. Neuquina. Relatorio del XVIII Congreso Geológico Argentino, 113–129. Neuquén.
Lockwood, J. A., Martill, D. M., and Maidment, S. C. (2021). A new hadrosauriform dinosaur from the Wessex Formation, Wealden Group (Early Cretaceous), of the Isle of Wight, southern England. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 19(12), 847–888.
Lü, J., Ji, Q., Gao, Y. and Li, Z. (2007). A new species of the ankylosaurid dinosaur Crichtonsaurus (Ankylosauridae: Ankylosauria) from the Cretaceous of Liaoning province, China. Acta Geologica Sinica, 81, 883–897. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2007.tb01010.x
Lull, R. S. (1921). The Cretaceous armored dinosaur, Nodosaurus textilis Marsh. American Journal of Science, Fifth Series, 1, 97–126.
Ma, Q., Dai, H., Tan, C., Li, N., Wang, P., Ren, X., ... and Xu, X. (2022). New Shunosaurus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) material from the middle Jurassic lower Shaximiao Formation of Yunyang, Chongqing, China. Historical Biology, 34(6), 1085–1099.
Madsen Jr, J. H. (1976). Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mining Survey Bulletin, 109, 1–163.
Maidment, S. C. R., Wei, S. and Norman, D. B. (2006). Re-description of the postcranial skeleton of the Middle Jurassic stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii. J. Vert. Paleontol., 26, 944–956. doi: 10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[944:ROTPSO]2.0.CO;2.
Maidment, S. C. R., Norman, D., Barrett, P. and Upchurch, P. (2008). Systematics and phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 6(4), 367e407. doi: 10.1017/S1477201908002459.
Maidment, S. C., and Barrett, P. M. (2014). Osteological correlates for quadrupedality in ornithischian dinosaurs. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 59(1), 53–70.
Maidment, S. C. R., Brassey, C. and Barrett, P. M. (2015). The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U.S.A. PLoS One, 10(10), e0138352.
Maidment, S. C. R., Woodruff, D. C. and Horner, J. R. (2018). A new specimen of the ornithischian dinosaur Hesperosaurus mjosi from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA, and implications for growth and size in Morrison stegosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 38(1), e1406366.
Maidment, S. C. R., Raven, T. J., Ouarhache, D. and Barrett, P. M. (2020). North Africa’s first stegosaur: implications for Gondwanan thyreophoran dinosaur diversity. Gondwana Research, 77, 82–97. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2019.07.007
Maidment, S. C. R., Strachan, S. J., Ouarhache, D., Scheyer, T. M., Brown, E. E., Fernandez, V., Johanson, Z., Raven, T. J and Barrett, P. M. (2021). Bizarre dermal armour suggests the first African ankylosaur. Nature Ecology y Evolution, 5(12), 1576–1581. doi:10.1038/s41559-021-01553-6.
Main, R. P., A. J. de Ricqle`s, J. R. Horner, and K. Padian. (2005). The evolution and function of thyreophoran dinosaur scutes: implications for plate function in stegosaurs. Paleobiology, 31, 291–314.
Marsh, O. C. (1896). The dinosaurs of North America. US Government Printing Office, 16.
Maryańska, T. (1977). Ankylosauridae (Dinosauria) from Mongolia. Palaeontologia Polonica, 37, 85151.
Mateus, O. (2006). Late Jurassic dinosaurs from the Morrison Formation (USA), the Lourinha and Alcobaça formations (Portugal), and the Tendaguru Beds (Tanzania): a comparison. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 36, 223–231.
Mateus, O., Maidment, S. C. and Christiansen, N. A. (2009). A new long-necked ‘sauropod-mimic’ stegosaur and the evolution of the plated dinosaurs. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 276(1663), 1815–1821.
McDonald, A. T., Bird, J., Kirkland, J. I. and Dodson, P. (2012). Osteology of the basal hadrosauroid Eolambia caroljonesa (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah. PLoS One, 7(10), e45712. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045712
Molnar, R. E. (1980). An ankylosaur (Ornithischia: Reptilia) from the Lower Cretaceous of Southern Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 20, 77–87.
Molnar, R. E., and Frey, E. (1987). The paravertebral elements of the Australian ankylosaur Minmi (Reptilia: Ornithischia, Cretaceous). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. Abhandlungen, 175(1), 19–37.
Molnar, R. E., and Wiffen, J. (1994). A Late Cretaceous polar dinosaur fauna from New Zealand. Cretaceous Research, 15(6), 689–706.
Molnar, R. E. (1996). Preliminary report on a new ankylosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Queensland, Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 39(3), 653–668.
Molnar, R. E. (2001). Armor of the small ankylosaur Minmi. In K. Carpenter (Ed.) The armored dinosaurs (pp. 341–362). Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
Molnar, R. E. (2011). Sauropod (Saurischia: Dinosauria) material from the Early Cretaceous Griman Creek Formation of the Surat Basin, Queensland, Australia. Alcheringa, 35(2), 303–307.
Nath, T. T., Yadagiri, P., and Moitra, A. K. (2002). First record of armoured dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic Kota Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, Andhra Pradesh. Geological Society of India, 59(6), 575–577.
Nopcsa, F. (1911). Omosaurus lennieri, un nouvtau dinosaurien du Cap de la Hkve. - Bull. Soc. geol. Normandie, 30, 23–42.
Norell, M. A., and P. J. Makovicky. (2004). Dromaeosauridae. In D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson and H. Osmólska (Eds.), The Dinosauria (pp. 196–209). Second edition. University of California Press, Berkley.
Norman, D. B. (1980). On the ornithischian dinosaur Iguanodon bernissartensis from the Lower Cretaceous of Bernissart (Belgium). Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 178.
Norman, D. B. (2002). On Asian ornithopods (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). 4. Probactrosaurus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 136(1), 113–144.
Norman, D. B. (2015). On the history, osteology, and systematic position of the Wealden (Hastings group) dinosaur Hypselospinus fittoni (Iguanodontia: Styracosterna). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 173(1), 92–189.
Norman, D. B. (2020a). Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen, 1861 (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: Postcranial endoskeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 189, 47–157. doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz078.
Norman, D. B. (2020b). Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen, 1861 (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: Dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 190, 1–53. doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz085.
Norman, D. B. (2021). Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen, 1861 (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: Biology and phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 191, 1–86. doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa061.
Novas, F. E., Egli, F. B., Agnolin, F. L., Gianechini, F. A. and Cerda, I. (2018). Postcranial osteology of a new specimen of Buitreraptor gonzalezorum (Theropoda, Unenlagiidae). Cretaceous Research, 83, 127–167.
O'Connor, P. M. (2007). The postcranial axial skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27(S2), 127–163.
Osborn, H. F. and Mook, C. C. (1919). Camarasaurus, Amphicoelias, and other sauropods of Cope. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 30(1), 379–388.
Ősi, A. (2005). Hungarosaurus tormai, a new ankylosaur (Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Hungary. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 25, 370–383. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025%5B0370%3AHTANAD%5D2.0.CO%3B2
Ostrom, J. H. and J. S. Mcintosh. (1966). Marsh's Dinosaurs: The Collections From Como Bluff. Yale University Press, New Haven.
Ostrom, J. H. (1970). Stratigraphy and palaeontology of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the Bighorn Basin Area, Wyoming and Montana. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, Bulletin, 35, 1234. doi: 10.12987/9781933789439
Owen, R. (1854). Monograph on the Fossil Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck Formations. Part II. Dinosauria (Iguanodon). Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society, 8(27), 1–54, doi: 10.1080/02693445.1854.12113208.
Owen, R. (1875). Monographs on the British Fossil Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations. Part II. Genera Bothriospondylus, Cetiosaurus, Omosaurus. Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society, 29(133), 15–93.
Páramo, A., Mocho, P. and Ortega, F. (2020). Three-dimensional analysis of the titanosaurian limb skeleton: implications for systematic analysis. Journal of Iberian Geology, 46(4), 369–402.
Park, J.-Y., Lee, Y., Currie, P. J., Ryan, M. J., Bell, P., Sissons, R., Koppelhus, E. B., Barsbold, R., Lee, S. and Kim, S. (2021). A new ankylosaurid skeleton from the Upper Cretaceous Baruungoyot Formation of Mongolia: Its implications for ankylosaurid postcranial evolution. Scientific Reports, 11, 4101. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83568-4.
Paul, G. S. (2010). The Princeton field guide to dinosaurs. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Peng, G. Z., Ye, Y., Gao, Y. H., Shu, C. K. and Jiang, S. (2005). Jurassic dinosaur faunas in Zigong. Zigong Dinosaur Museum, Zigong.
Penkalski, P. and Blows, W. T. (2013). Scolosaurus cutleri from the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 50, 171–182. doi:10.1139/cjes-2012-0098
Pereda-Suberbiola, X., Galton, P. M., Mallison, H. and Novas, F. (2013). A plated dinosaur (Ornithischia, Stegosauria) from the Early Cretaceous of Argentina, South America: an evaluation. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 37(1), 65–78.
Pereda-Suberbiola, X., Dıaz-Martınez, I., Salgado, L. and de Valais, S. (2015). Síntesis del registro fósil de dinosaurios tireóforos en Gondwana. In M. Fernández and Y. Herrera (Eds.), Reptiles Extintos – Volumen en Homenaje a Zulma Gasparini (pp. 90–107). Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, 15(1), 90–107. doi:10.5710/PEAPA.21.07.2015.101
Pozzo, A. (1956). Descripción geológica de la zona Bajo de Ortiz-Cañadón Lonco Vaca, provincia de Río Negro. [Reporte inédito de YPF].
Prieto-Marquez, A. (2001). Osteology and variation of Brachylophosaurus canadensis (Dinousauria, Hadrosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous Judith River formation of Montana [Doctoral dissertation]. Montana State University-Bozeman, College of Letters y Science.
Rauhut, O. W., and López-Arbarello, A. (2009). Considerations on the age of the Tiouaren Formation (Iullemmeden Basin, Niger, Africa): implications for Gondwanan Mesozoic terrestrial vertebrate faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 271(3-4), 259–267.
Rauhut, O. W. (2011). Theropod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic of Tendaguru (Tanzania). Special Papers in Palaeontology, 86, 195–239.
Rauhut, O. W., Hübner, T. and Lanser, K. P. (2016). A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: Implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic. Palaeontologia Electronica, 19(2), 1–65.
Rauhut, O. W. M., Carballido, J. L. and Pol, D. (2020). First osteological record of a Stegosaur (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Upper Jurassic of South America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 40, e1862133. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2020.1862133.
Raven, T. J. and Maidment, S. C. (2017). A new phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria, Ornithischia). Palaeontology, 60(3), 401–408.
Raven, T. J. and Maidment, S. C. (2018). The systematic position of the enigmatic thyreophoran dinosaur Paranthodon africanus, and the use of basal exemplifiers in phylogenetic analysis. PeerJ, 6, e4529.
Raven, T. J., Barrett, P. M., Pond, S. B. and Maidment, S. C. R. (2020). Osteology and taxonomy of British Wealden Supergroup (Berriasian–Aptian) ankylosaurs (Ornithischia, Ankylosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 40(4), e1826956. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1826956
Raven, T. J., Barrett, P. M., Joyce, C. B., and Maidment, S. C. (2023). The phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the armoured dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 21(1), 2205433.
Ridgwell, N. and Sereno, P. C. (2010). A basal thyreophoran (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Tiouraren Formation of Niger. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(2), 150A–151A.
Ridgwell, N. (2011). A basal thyreophoran (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from Africa clarifies the early evolution of armored dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 31, 179–179.
Riguetti, F. (2017). Stegosauria en Gondwana: revisión del clado con énfasis en los restos de Argentina. XXXI Jornadas argentinas de paleontología de vertebrados, Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, 18(2R), R86. Santa Clara del Mar.
Riguetti, F., Pereda-Suberbiola, X., Ponce, D., Salgado, L., Apesteguía, S., Rozadilla, S. and Arbour, V. (2022a). A new small-bodied ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of North Patagonia (Río Negro Province, Argentina), Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 20(1), 2137441, doi: 10.1080/14772019.2022.2137441.
Riguetti, F. J., Apesteguía, S. and Pereda-Suberbiola, X. (2022b). A new Cretaceous thyreophoran from Patagonia supports a South American lineage of armoured dinosaurs. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1–12. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-15535-6.
Riguetti, F. J., Apesteguía, S., Gallina, P. A., Canale, J. I., Lerzo, L. and Veiga, G. D. (2022c). Nuevos restos de Thyreophora del Cretácico Inferior de Neuquén. Reunión de Comunicaciones de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, 23, 1(R), p. 201. doi: 10.5710/PEAPA.23.03.2023.462.
Riguetti, F. J., Garderes, J. P., Palombi, D., Veiga, G., Canale, J. I., Baiano, M. and Gallina, P. (2023). Análisis tafonómico preliminar de los afloramientos de la Formación Bajada Colorada en la localidad homónima. Reunión de Comunicaciones de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, 24, 3(R), p. 122. doi: 10.5710/PEAPA.04.04.2024.502
Riguetti, F., Becerra, M. y Juárez Valieri, R. (2024). Buenos vecinos: faunas nativas y migrantes de anquilosaurios durante el Cretácico Superior de Sudamérica y Antártida. Reunión de Comunicaciones de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, 25, 2(R1), Libro de Resúmenes, p. R183. https://peapaleontologica.org.ar/index.php/peapa/article/view/544.
Roll, A. (1939). La cuenca de los estratos con dinosaurios al sur del río Neuquén: Buenos Aires. [Reporte de YPF].
Rozadilla, S., Agnolín, F. L. and Novas, F. E. (2019). Osteology of the Patagonian ornithopod Talenkauen santacrucensis (Dinosauria, Ornithischia). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 17(24), 2043–2089.
Rozadilla, S., Agnolın, F., Manabe, M., Tsuihiji, T. and Novas, F. E. (2021). Ornithischian remains from the Chorrillo Formation (Upper Cretaceous), southern Patagonia, Argentina, and their implications on ornithischian paleobiogeography in the Southern Hemisphere. Cretaceous Research, 125, 104881. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104881.
Saavedra, A., Santivanez, R. and Shimada, N. (1986). Edades radiométricas de Bolivia [Radiometric ages of Bolivia]. [Publicación especial del IGE (UMSA)- JICA, La Paz].
Salgado, L. and Coria, R. A. (1996). First evidence of an ankylosaur (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) in South America. Ameghiniana, 33(4), 367–371.
Salgado, L., Apesteguía, S. and Heredia, S. E. (2005). A new specimen of Neuquensaurus australis, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine titanosaur from north Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 25(3), 623–634.
Salgado, L. and Gasparini, Z. (2006). Reappraisal of an ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of James Ross Island (Antarctica). Geodiversitas, 28(1), 119–135.
Salgado, L., Canudo, J. I., Garrido, A. C., Moreno-Azanza, M., Martínez, L. C., Coria, R. A. and Gasca, J. M. (2017). A new primitive Neornithischian dinosaur from the Jurassic of Patagonia with gut contents. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 42778. doi: 10.1038/srep42778.
Sánchez-Fenollosa, S., Escaso, F., and Cobos, A. (2025). A new specimen of Dacentrurus armatus Owen, 1875 (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic of Spain and its taxonomic relevance in the European stegosaurian diversity. Zoological journal of the Linnean Society, 203(3), zlae074. doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae074.
Sereno, P. C. and Dong, Z. (1992). The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 11, 318–343. doi: 10.1080/02724634.1992.10011463.
Soto-Acuña, S., Vargas, A. O., Kaluza, J., Leppe, M. A., Botelho, J. F., Palma Liberona, J., Simon Gutstein, C., Fernández, R. A., Ortiz, H., Milla, V., Aravena, B., Manríquez, L. M. E., Alarcón Muñoz, J., Pino, J. P., Trevisan, C., Mansilla, H., Hinojosa, L. F., Muñoz Walther, V. and Rubilar Rogers, D. (2021). Bizarre tail weaponry in a transitional ankylosaur from subantarctic Chile. Nature, 600(7888), 259–263. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04147-1
Taylor, M. P. (2009). A re-evaluation of Brachiosaurus altithorax Riggs 1903 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) and its generic separation from Giraffatitan brancai (Janensch 1914). Journal of vertebrate Paleontology, 29(3), 787–806.
Tschopp, E., Mateus, O. and Benson, R. B. (2015). A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ, 3, e857.
Tschopp, E. and Mateus, O. (2017). Osteology of Galeamopus pabsti sp. nov.(Sauropoda: Diplodocidae), with implications for neurocentral closure timing, and the cervico-dorsal transition in diplodocids. PeerJ, 5, e3179.
Tumanova, T. A. and Alifanov, V. R. (2018). First record of stegosaur (Ornithischia, Dinosauria) from the Aptian–Albian of Mongolia. Paleontological Journal, 52, 1771–1779.
Tykoski, R. S. and Rowe, T. (2004). Ceratosauria. In D. B. Weishampel et al. (Eds.), The Dinosauria (pp. 47–70). Second edition. University of California Press.
Upchurch, P., Barrett , P. M. y Dodson, P. (2004). Sauropoda. In D. B. Weishampel et al. (Eds.), The Dinosauria (pp. 259–322). Second edition. University of California Press.
Vidal, D., Ortega, F. and Sanz, J. L. (2014). Titanosaur osteoderms from the Upper Cretaceous of Lo Hueco (Spain) and their implications on the armor of Laurasian titanosaurs. PLoS One, 9(8), e102488.
Villalobos Leiva, A. and Benítez, H. A. (2020). Morfometría geométrica y sus nuevas aplicaciones en ecología y biología evolutiva. Parte 2. International Journal of Morphology, 38(6), 1818–1836.
Waskow, K. and Sander, P. M. (2014). Growth record and histological variation in the dorsal ribs of Camarasaurus sp.(Sauropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 34(4), 852-869.
Waskow, K. and Mateus, O. (2017). Dorsal rib histology of dinosaurs and a crocodylomorph from western Portugal: skeletochronological implications on age determination and life history traits. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 16(4), 425–439.
Wiersma, J. P. and Irmis, R. B. (2018). A new southern Laramidian ankylosaurid, Akainacephalus johnsoni gen. et sp. nov., from the upper Campanian Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah, USA. PeerJ, 6, e5016. doi: 10.7717/peerj.5016
Wilson, J. A. and Sereno, P. C. (1998). Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18(S2), 1–79.
Windholz, G. J. and Cerda, I. A. (2021). Paleohistology of two dicraeosaurid dinosaurs (Sauropoda; Diplodocoidea) from la amarga formation (Barremian–aptian, lower cretaceous), Neuquén Basin, Argentina: paleobiological implications. Cretaceous Research, 128, 104965.
Woodruff, C. (2017). Comment (Case 3700) —Support for the proposed designation of Diplodocus carnegii Hatcher, 1901, as type species of Diplodocus Marsh, 1878. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 73(2-4), 127–127.
Woodward, H. N. and Lehman, T. M. (2009). Bone histology and microanatomy of Alamosaurus sanjuanensis (Sauropoda: Titanosauria) from the maastrichtian of Big Bend National Park, Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 29(3), 807–821.
Xu, X., Wang, X. L., and Wu, X. C. (1999). A dromaeosaurid dinosaur with a filamentous integument from the Yixian Formation of China. Nature, 401(6750), 262–266.
Xu, X., Upchurch, P., Mannion, P. D., Barrett, P. M., Regalado-Fernandez, O. R., Mo, J., ... and Liu, H. (2018). A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs. Nature communications, 9(1), 2700.
Yadagiri, P., and Ayyasami, K. (1979). A new stegosaurian dinosaur from Upper Cretaceous sediments of south India. Geological Society of India, 20(11), 521–530.
Zhang, Y. G., Wang, K. B., Chen, S. Q., Liu, D., and Xing, H. (2020). Osteological re‐assessment and taxonomic revision of “Tanius laiyangensis” (Ornithischia: hadrosauroidea) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shandong, China. The Anatomical Record, 303(4), 790–800.
Zhou, S. (1983). A nearly complete skeleton of a stegosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichuan. Journal of Chengdu College of Geology, 1, 15–26. [Chinese, 15–25; English, 26]
Zhou, S. (1984). The Middle Jurassic Dinosaurian fauna from Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichuan, Vol. 2 (Stegosaurs). Chengdu. Sich. Sci. Tech. Publ. House, 2, 52.
Zurriaguz, V., Martinelli, A., Rougier, G. W. and Ezcurra, M. D. (2017). A saltasaurine titanosaur (Sauropoda: Titanosauriformes) from the Angostura Colorada Formation (upper Campanian, Cretaceous) of northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Cretaceous Research, 75, 101–114.
Zafaty, O., Oukassou, M., Riguetti, F., Company, J., Bendrioua, S., Tabuce, R., ... & Pereda-Suberbiola, X. (2024). A new stegosaurian dinosaur (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) with a remarkable dermal armour from the Middle Jurassic of North Africa. Gondwana Research, 131, 344–362.
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Facundo Javier Riguetti, Sebastián Apesteguía, Juan Ignacio Canale, Pablo Ariel Gallina
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Atribución/Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
0.443 Q2 | H Index 11
CiteScore 1.7
